Field Note 2: CURE COVID as online hub: maintaining old networks and expanding solidarities

By Arnold Alamon & Joel Jan Alvarez

Loose and open memberships

The CURE COVID 19 Network, over a year after the pandemic, has evolved to become an “online hub” where various publics and communities come together. The basis of unity remains the same: pressing the government to implement a “comprehensive, effective, humane, and participatory COVID 19 response”. While the core of the network has been the Bagong Alyansang Makabayang (BAYAN) – affiliated organizations and individuals, the adhoc nature of the network also means that its evolved publics are more open and fluid in composition and dynamics. 

Two factors can be considered behind this: the online medium that CURE COVID uses as its main platform lends itself to open and fluid practices. The medium, in this instance, encourages such openness. On the other hand, what attracts individuals and organizations outside the umbrella of BAYAN-affiliated organizations is the “network of care” that CURE COVID provides amidst an existing public sentiment of a callous and militaristic government response. Note that in their public briefings and political statements released through their facebook page, it is this expression of care for the public debilitated by the pandemic and somewhat abandoned by the State with its ineffective and militaristic approaches that frame CURE COVID’s activities. This is what enables the network to forge solidarities with other publics. 

(comment of OFW on CURE COVID’s public briefing with estimated 13000 viewers. The research team attempted many times to interview the commenter but failed to receive response in time for this report).

The public briefings provide a measure of the composition of the variety of organizations and individuals that the network now finds under its adhoc wing. These can be classified into two broad groups: 1) members of organizations that share the same brand of progressive politics and are part of the same political networks, 2) new publics that the network has attracted i.e. experts and organizations/individuals who are pulled in by CURE COVID’s network of care.

A number of insights on emergent networks as far as CURE COVID network is concerned can be culled at this point:.

1. Emergent networks in the time of the pandemic do not appear out of nowhere but are off-shoots of existing political and social capital and old practices of care. CURE COVID network’s establishment was initiated by the network of organizations and individuals affiliated with BAYAN and is therefore an of-shoot of a political practice based on the principle of collective action and care.
   
2. For people’s organizations who are part of the CURE COVID network, old practices of social solidarity particularly their belief and reliance on collective action as taught to them by their experience was a handy resource when the health and social crisis brought about by the pandemic occurred. It is this same belief in the principle of collective action that animates their participation in the CURE COVID network, hoping that other communities may be able to learn and pick up lessons from their experiences.
   
3. Given the difficulty of traditional organizing in the time of the pandemic, CURE COVID used facebook as a platform to promote and propagate their network of care. The critical information on the pandemic that they shared allowed them to attract both old and new publics.
   
4. The online medium, however, lends itself to open and fluid composition and dynamics. This allowed the network to reach out to other publics than their usual. Experts who want to share vital information are pulled in to participate. The ad hoc nature of these engagements expand the reach of the network but at the same time raises questions of sustainability and impact in the long run.
   
5. CURE COVID’s network of care was a response for the need to forge social solidarities at a time when the State’s response was deemed inadequate and militaristic. The establishment of these networks of care may be emblematic of the nature of emergent agencies in the time of pandemic.
   
   

Old networks and practices of care in the time of pandemic

Rural peoples organization in the time of pandemic: Lupang Ramos

Katipunan ng Lehitimong Magsasaka at Mamayan sa Lupang Ramos (KASAMA-LR) is a progressive people’s organization consisting of residents of Lupang Ramos in Dasmarinas, Cavite. Established on February 17 of the year 2010, the organization continues to face the ongoing struggles pertaining to land ownership over the 372 hectares of agricultural land. Various incidents of land disputes over the land have occurred starting from the 1990s. In 2017, KASAMA-LR launched their Bungkalan initiative (land occupation) to claim the unused land in Governor’s Drive, Dasmarinas. The action resulted in the group gaining 12 hectares of landThey allocated two hectares as communal farm land with the remainder divided so that each member  family has a share of 2,000 square meters each.

In March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic hit the Philippines and spurred immediate health and safety measures such as lockdowns, members of KASAMA-LR faced several challenges. During the early days of the pandemic, the residents of Lupang Ramos had barely any information about COVID-19 and the risks it posed to health and safety.  The fight for rights to the land was something they were used to but the concept of a pandemic and lockdowns were something new and foreign to them.  They were alarmed when there was a sudden presence of state forces around. According to Nanay Miriam, the former secretary general of KASAMA-LR, the pandemic caused shock in the community:

“Syempre nagulat kami dahil bago naman talaga ang pandemya. Sanay na kami dun sa laban sa karapat eh nandito nanaman yung pandemya. Ang una talaga naming problema ay hindi namin alam kung ano ang kalaban. Yung COVID hindi talaga alam ng kumunidad eh kung ano ba talaga yang COVID na iyan… Walang lalabas tapos pag labas mo sa highway makikita mo pulis atsaka tanod so ano ngayon ang mangyayari. So nabigla kami.”

(Of course we were shocked because a pandemic is something new. We are used to fighting for rights and now we have this pandemic. The first problem we ever had was that we didn’t know whothe enemy was. The community did not know what COVID was and how long it would last…No one would go out and if you go out on the highway, you will see police and tanod so what happens now. So we were shocked.)

Economic challenges such as generating income for the family and capital for the upcoming planting season were also present. The ashfall from the recent Taal Volcano incident in January 2020 had ruined most of the crops in Lupang Ramos and the farmers needed capital to recover from the economic setback. Traditionally, husbands and male figures of the family would work on contractual jobs (e.g. construction) to save money for April which was the usual start of planting season. However, due the COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown prevented them from going outside and earning money 

The lockdown also prevented other family members from leaving the vicinity to sell their vegetables and crops in nearby neighborhoods.. KASAMA-LR, as a response to the economic problem and hunger among their members, initiated the pooling of resources to generate food. Money and other resources such as rice were pooled to feed all the hungry residents of Lupang Ramos. Nanay Miriam, claimed that in the first year of the pandemic, no one in Lupang Ramos succumbed to hunger as a result of their initiative:

“Ang aming ginawa diyan, kung ano ang meron kami pinagsama-sama. Kaonti, marami, pag yan ay hinati-hati sa maayos na paraan ay merong kakainin ang lahat. Walang nagutom sa amin sa panahon ng pandemya kasi kung ano yung meron kami, pinagsama-sama namin at pinaghati-hati sa tamang paraan.”

(What we did is we pooled whatever we had. Little or many, if that is divided in the correct way everyone will have something to eat. No one among us got hungry in the pandemic because what we have, we pooled and divided in a rightful way.)

Collective action is a very important concept for KASAMA-LR. This can be observed in their response to challenges that the organization faced, whether these are issues concerning land rights or on health and safety during the pandemic. During the early days of the pandemic where authorities began distributing social amelioration, KASAMA-LR ensured that the residents of Lupang Ramos would receive their share. KASAMA-LR wrote a letter to the Mayor and Barangay Captain demanding just and fair treatment in the distribution of aid. They also conducted creative forms of protests such as a public Zumba. According to Nanay Miriam:

“Kapag magbibigay na ng ayuda, ide-descriminate na tayo, mga pulang araw yan. Wag bigyan ng ayuda yang mga pulang araw na yan. Pero iniisip palang nil ana wag kami bigyan ng ayuda, ang ginawa namin pinadalhan na namin ng sulat ang mayor at barangay captain. ‘Ito ang bilang ng pamilya na myembro sa KASAMA-LR. At kami ay entitled sa kung ano man ang meron ang gobyenro, meron din kami.’ Kaya ang ginawa namin, nangalampag kami, may pag zumzumba kami sa gitna ng bukid, meron kaming kalampagan kami sa bahay sa paghingi ng ayuda.”

(“In handing out social amelioration, they discriminate against us. Those are pulang araw. Don’t give them social amelioration. But when they were just thinking about it, we already sent a letter to the mayor and barangay captain. ‘This is the number of families in KASAMA-LR. And we are entitled to whatever the government gives, we should also have it.’ So what we did, we made noise. We even had a zumba in the middle of rural areas, we made noises in houses asking for social amelioration”.)

As a response to the health and safety concerns of the pandemic, KASAMA-LR also established an “Anti-COVID garden”. Making use of their knowledge on the health benefits of herbal plants and the seeming availability of medicinal plants in the area, KASAMA-LR developed a garden consisting of medicinal herbs and plants that they believed to be effective against combating common symptoms of colds and strengthening their immune systems. Plants such as oregano and ginger were cultivated. According to Nanay Miriam:

“Andyan yung lahat ng halamang gamot. Kaya ang aming komunidad, automatic na pagdating na unang patak ng ulan naglagay agad kami ng isang anti-COVID garden. Lahat ng mga halamang gamot duon mo matatagpuan. Kaya kung may ubo’t sipon maglalaga lang ng oregano at luya. Yun ang mabisa at lahat ng mga bata kailangan palakasin ang kanilang immune system. Regular [sila] na pakainin ng malunggay, talbos ng kamote, at kung ano-ano pang gulay na meron kami.”

(Every medicinal plant is there. That’s why our community automatically placed an anti-covid garden iat the start of the rainy season. That’s why if there is a cough or cold, oregano and ginger will be boiled. That’s very effective and all children need to have their immune system strengthened. They are always fed malunggay, talbos ng kamote, and whatever vegetable we have.)

In February 19, 2021, CURE Covid invited Nanay Miriam to be one of the panellists in their press public briefing entitled, “A Year of the Bungled Handling of the Pandemic: Community Responses to the Pandemic.” In the briefing Nanay Miriam, along with KADAMAY’s Mimi Doringo and other invited panelists, talked about their experience and insights on the challenges faced by KASAMA-LR as an organization and their community’s responses to the pandemic. As mentioned by Nanay Miriam in the interview, CURE Covid played a big part in imparting information about the pandemic to KASAMA-LR through their Facebook page, especially when it was a problem for them in the early days of the pandemic.

“…lahat naman talaga may Facebook lalo na ang kabataan edi ang malaki talaga na nagbigay ng impormasyon talaga ay ang CURE Covid.”

(…everyone has Facebook especially the youth so the one who hugely gave information is CURE Covid.)

(Poster of  CURE Covid press briefing with Nanay Miriam as one of the panelists. Source: CURE Covid FB Page.)

Urban people’s organizations in the time of pandemic: San Roque

Sitio San Roque is a residential area situated in Quezon City with residents consisting mostly of migrant workers in both formal and informal employment. It has then become a part of the Quezon City Central Business District (QCBD), a joint business venture of the National Housing Authority (NHA) and Ayala Corporation which aims to convert 256 hectares of land into a “mixed-used” community for both residential and commercial purposes. Beginning in 2008, houses have been demolished and the urban poor people’s organization Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (KADAMAY) has since then been in the forefront in the fight of Sitio San Roque residents in asserting their right to housing. Established in 1989, chapters of KADAMAY can be found all over the country. In Metro Manila, they have a chapter in Sitio San Roque which is known for their decade-long fight against demolition.

During the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, KADAMAY had already set up protest camps near the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) office to conduct discussions on the continuous attacks and harassment against their organization. In February, they held a rally at East Avenue to demand from the government a fast response against the COVID-19 threat. With lockdowns being imposed that prevented the public from working, social amelioration became the primary source of the community for survival. It became even more challenging when social amelioration and government aid arrived after several months since the start of the lockdown. KADAMAY immediately conducted a protest action  called kalampagan. Being forced to stay home with no source of income, members of KADAMAY used loud noises by banging empty pots and pans as a form of protest. Part of the demand was for a fast and satisfactory social amelioration program from the government. According to KADAMAY Secretary-General Mimi Doringo:

“Sa KADAMAY madalas militanteng grupo daw kami. Hindi kami yung basta sabihang tumahimik, tatahim kami. Hindi kami ganun…sa amin, sa maralitang sector, kung saan ang hanapbuhay namin pag hindi ka nagtrabaho ngayong araw, wala kang pangkain. Kaya yung sinabing isang linggong ilo-lockdown kami talagang aasahan namin ay ayuda n amabilis maibigay ng pamahalaan. Ang nangyari wala naming agarang pagbibigay ng relief eh. Mag hihintay ka pa. Nagkaroon kami ng kampanya na Kalampagan ang tawag kung saan ipag-iingay mo yung walang laman na kaldero at kaserola, panawagan yan na nagugutom yung komunidad.”

(In KADAMAY, we are reportedly a militant group. We do not go silent when we are told to be silent…for us, the poor sector, you cannot eat if you don’t work for a day. That’s why when they said that they will lock us down for one week, we expected that the social amelioration would be immediately given by the government. What happened was there was no immediate relief. You had to wait. We had a campaign called Kalampagan where you would make noises out of empty pots and pans, a call meaning that the community is hungry.)

And despite the occurrence of the pandemic, members of KADAMAY still faced the problem of harassment for demanding appropriate  pandemic response from the government. Mimi recalled the instance where she and six other female leaders were harassed after filming a two minute video in the relocation site despite following health protocols:

“Naranasan ko pa yung mismong pang harass dahil sa ginawa naming ganyan. Though sumunod kami sa mga heath protocols, naka face mask kami naka face shield kami at social distancing kami. Anim lang kaming mga lider na kababaihan ang gumawa. Pakatapos nung dalawang minutong video namin sa relokasyon, ayun nga inakyat na kami ng barangay tanod na pawang kalalakihan tapos hindi sila nakuntento may supporta pa ng dalawang pulis.”

(“I even experienced harassment myself because of what we do. Even though we followed health protocols, we wore face masks and face shields and had social distance. We were six female leaders. After the two minute video in the relocation site,  male barangay officials tand two police officers came over”)

Mimi also recalled the instance where twenty one residents of Sitio San Roque were suddenly arrested by the police after they went to a location where relief was reportedly being handed out:

“Kung sa ganyang panahon na nga, nangyari rin yung sa Sitio San Roque kung saan dahil sa halos isang buwan na yung umiiral ang lockdown nun at ang dami naring nagugutom, twenty one mula sa San Roque ang ikinulong pagkatapos sila ay sabihan na may relief daw na magbibigay duon. Syempre nag unahan na yung tao. Gutom na eh. Kailangan mo nang isalba ang pamilya mo. Ang ginawa hinuli naman. Twenty one sa kanila ang nakulong.”

(“Even in that time, there was also an instance in Sitio San Roque wherein it was almost a month that the lockdown was present and a lot of people were already hungry, twenty one from San Roque were jailed after they were told that there was relief being handed out on that place. Of course everyone rushed to get it. They were already hungry. You need to save your family. What happened was that they were captured. Twenty one of them were jailed.”)

Because of the unfortunate incident, the organization and the rest of the community partnered to address the problem of hunger caused by the lockdown and the insufficient social amelioration from the government. Through the donations from generous sources, KADAMAY and Sitio San Roque established “Kusinang Bayan”. The community kitchen provided immediate food assistance for the hunger-stricken community, accompanied by a call for fast distribution of social amelioration, and contact tracing. According to Mimi:

“Pinag-kaisahan na ng organisasyon at ng community na dahil may mga nakarinig at nakalaam na may ganitong harassment na at nangamba sila dahil nagugutom na ang mga kapwang Pilipino. May mga mabubuting puso na nag-ambag ng pinansyal at pagkain. Canned goods yan, gulay. Ang ginawa ginawang Kusinang Bayan. Ibig sabihin ng kusing bayan, nagluto ang komunidad para sa buong community niya. Kung sino ang nagugutom, pumila. Pero syempre kasabay nun yung panawagan parin ng mabilis na ayuda, mass testing, contact tracing…yun ang ginawa ng community.”

(“The organization and community came together in the face of harassment and hunger.  There were kind hearts that donated financial support and food. These are canned goods, vegetables. What happened was that a “Community Kitchen” was established. “Community Kitchen ” means the community cooks for everyone . Whoever was hungry, falls in line. But of course, accompanied by that is still the call for fast social amelioration, mass testing, and contact tracing…that’s what the community did.”)

Along with Kusinang Bayan, KADAMAY also established urban gardens which were planted with plants and vegetables which are needed to strengthen the body’s resistance and immunity against diseases. The garden provides a source of medicinal plants to prevent or help cure any immediate cold symptoms. As relayed by Mimi, the garden uses pure organic and non-chemical fertilizers:

“Tapos sumunod pa diyan sa Kusinang Bayan, isinagawa din yung Urban Gardening. Kasi nakita naman talaga natin eh yung pangangailangan sa pagkain. Dapat palakasin natin yung resistensya. Yung urban gardening na ginawa ng KADAMAY sa area niya ay walang chemical. Kumbaga yung pataba na ginamit nila hindi siya makakasira sa kalikasan, hindi siya nakakasira sa kalusugan ng tao.”

(“Then after Kusinang Bayan, Urban Gardening was launched. Because the need for food was seen, the body resistance must also be strengthened. The Urban Gardening conducted by KADAMAY in its area is non-chemical. The fertilizer they used are eco-friendly, and it doesn’t weaken the individual’s health.”)

 Mimi Doringo was also invited as panelist in CURE Covid’s briefing last February 19, 2021. Joining KASAMA-LR’s Nanay Miriam and other invited guests, she discussed challenges faced by  Sitio San Roque and the efforts of KADAMAY in response to the risks brought by the pandemic. In her discussion, she mentions the community initiatives such as Kusinang Bayan and the urban gardens and calls out the lack of a fast effective pandemic response of the government.

Experts join network of care

Interview with expert

In CURE Covid press public briefings, experts and individuals from different institutions and organizations are invited to discuss their insights on a range of topics that include but are not limited to  health and safety, community organizing or policy making. One of these experts invited was Joshua Miguel Danac, a 21-year old molecular biologist, who was a panelist in CURE Covid’s briefing titled “Are We Ready to Lift the ECQ?: What to do with the lockdown” held on May 12, 2020 and streamed live on facebook.  Joshua attended the briefing as a representative of an informal organization advocating for  effective COVID response named Scientists Unite against COVID-19.

(Poster of CURE Covid Public Briefing with Joshua Danac as one of the panelists. Source: CURE Covid FB Page.)

As relayed by Joshua in the interview, the partnership and linking with CURE Covid began in the early months of  the pandemic, when their organization was campaigning for mass testing and connecting with organizations that were similarly inclined. CURE Covid at that time was looking for an expert to discuss the issue of mass testing through a scientific lens and they reached out to their organization through facebook. According to Joshua:

“I think yung link namin sa CURE Covid specifically because—well, at first nga they were looking for people who could talk about mass testing and who could talk about the scientific side of things. They needed and nakita nila ang content na we were putting out so they sent us an invite through facebook.”

(“I think our link namin to CURE Covid specifically is because—well, at first they were looking for people who could talk about mass testing and who could talk about the scientific side of things. They needed and they saw the content we were putting out so they sent us an invite through facebook.”)

CURE Covid’s Facebook Page was still a few months old at this point and it was Joshua’s first time hearing about the organization. However, when asked about his motivation behind speaking about lockdowns and ECQ in a CURE Covid briefing, Joshua clarified that he and his organization were looking at different approaches to maximize the spreading of their advocacy:

“Well, kasi at that point rin kasi ako, colleagues ko at Scientists Unite, at other orgs that we were working with, we were really looking at all avenues to maximize the campaign online and trying to get the message out there. So I think it was just a matter of maximizing all the avenues we could get to speak about our advocacy.”

(“Well, at that point me, my colleagues at Scientists Unite, and other orgs that we were working with, we were really looking at all avenues to maximize the campaign online and trying to get the message out there. So I think it was just a matter of maximizing all the avenues we could get to speak about our advocacy.”)

As a fellow UP graduate, Joshua points out that CURE Covid as an organization is indeed new, but he was already aware that people behind it are experienced in  organizing. He said that this became helpful for him working with the network because he was already aware of the ideologies and perspectives of the organizers of CURE Covid. He also mentions the need for the organization to last longer as the pandemic continued:

“So kumbaga may background na sila dun when it comes to organizing. And I think that’s very helpful coming into a group like that because you more or less know who you’re dealing with, ano yung background nila ideolologically, overall, socially…like I know these people from UP ganun kasi I’m also from UP. So the group is new, yes, pero impression mo naman you know more or less that these people have been organizing themselves for a while na so this is one of their supposed to be ad hoc na parang in response to COVID and syempre COVID has lasted much longer so it also had to last longer.”

(“So they already have a background about it when it comes to organizing. And I think that’s very helpful coming into a group like that because you more or less know who you’re dealing with, what’s their background ideologically, overall, socially…I know these people from UP because I’m also from UP. So the group is new, yes, but your impression is that you know more or less that these people have been organizing themselves for a while already so this is one of their supposed to be ad hoc like in response to COVID and of course COVID has lasted much longer so it also had to last longer.”)

In discussing the importance of CURE Covid press public briefings, Joshua acknowledges two main importance of the briefings. One is to disseminate relevant COVID-19 related information to its audience. Joshua pointed out that the topics of CURE Covid briefings varies and that the organization covers a more holistic approach to the COVID response, which he agrees with because he believes COVID-19 is more than just a medical issue:

“One thing rin about them is that they try to be very not just about the medical stuff…they try to cover a more holistic approach to COVID response. Kasi nga naman it touches everything about life. It’s not just a medical issue per se.”

(“One thing about them is that they try to be not just about the medical stuff…they try to cover a more holistic approach to COVID response. But then again it touches everything about life. It’s not just a medical issue per se.”)

Another importance of the briefings according to Joshua is that it reaches out to a higher audience. He shares an instance where Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque mentions in his daily press conference the possibility of inviting CURE Covid to discuss pandemic-related matters. Although it did not happen, Joshua sees this an example of CURE Covid’s potential to reach the higher authorities:

“I think it shows na there are times, maybe not everytime, but there are times na yung briefings yung CURE Covid have a reach. They have the effect na they get picked up.”

(“I think it shows that there are times, maybe not everytime, but there are times that the briefings of CURE Covid have a reach. They have the effect that they get picked up.”)

Joshua argues that the two, information dissemination and the potential to reach a higher audience, are what makes CURE Covid briefings important. He adds that the briefings also helps to provide an alternative to its audience that is different from the dominant narratives circulated by the government and the media:

“So I think that’s one effect niya sa audience which is information. And then another is sometimes it gets picked up by a higher audience and it helps inform people. It helps to offer people alternative to what they see with the government or from dominant narratives from media, or from other people or groups.”

(“So I think that’s one effect on the audience which is information. And then another is sometimes it gets picked up by a higher audience and it helps inform people. It helps to offer people alternative to what they see with the government or from dominant narratives from media, or from other people or groups.”)

When asked about whether or not CURE Covid and their briefings will still remain relevant in a post-pandemic setting, Joshua thinks  that in his own point of view, he  questions the possibility of a post-pandemic Philippines. He believes that the COVID-19 will forever remain part of our lives. But in the context of CURE Covid and their briefings, he believes that the aim of these kinds of initiatives, those that have a mission to respond to something in society, is to become obsolete and to be no longer needed. Joshua argues that in an ideal post-pandemic setting there should be no need for briefings on pandemic response anymore. According to him:

“Well, you know what they say about activism. Your goal is to make yourself obsolete. Parang I think if you have initiatives like CURE Covid or any movement that seeks to respond to something in society, your goal is eventually to be obsolete…to be no longer needed na you’re doing this not in the expectation that it should be institutionalized na parang it should be permanent but you’re doing it because it’s needed now in the hopes na one day conditions will change or improve that you won’t need to do it anymore. So, with that said, in an ideal post-pandemic world, there shouldn’t be diba parang following that logic, there shouldn’t anymore be a need for COVID briefings.”

(“Well, you know what they say about activism. Your goal is to make yourself obsolete. I think if you have initiatives like CURE Covid or any movement that seeks to respond to something in society, your goal is eventually to be obsolete…to be no longer needed that you’re doing this not in the expectation that it should be institutionalized and it should be permanent but you’re doing it because it’s needed now in the hopes that one day conditions will change or improve that you won’t need to do it anymore. So, with that said, in an ideal post-pandemic world, following that logic, there shouldn’t anymore be a need for COVID briefings.”)

However, he claims that the pandemic is more than just a medical issue and that it encompasses other spheres of society. He therefore concludes that as long as these relationships and material conditions don’t change in a post-pandemic world, then initiatives such as CURE Covid would still remain:

“It’s not just COVID diba? It’s connected to the political response. It’s connected to the people behind the government. The politics of it all. So I think as long as those conditions don’t change, as long as those conditions are materially the same regardless of who is in power, as long as those relationships and material conditions are the same then I think it would still be there.”

(“It’s not just COVID, right? It’s connected to the political response. It’s connected to the people behind the government ganun. The politics of it all. So I think as long as those conditions don’t change, as long as those are conditions are materially the same regardless of who is in power, as long as those relationships and material conditions are the same then I think it would still be there.”)

(A statement from Joshua Danac during the briefing. Source: CURE Covid FB Page)

Sources:

CURE Covid Facebook Page:

https://www.facebook.com/curecovidph/

Online Interview with Joshua Danac conducted June 21, 2021.

Online Interview with Judy Taguiwalo conducted April 20, 2021.

Online Interview with Mimi Doringo conducted April 29, 2021.

Online Interview with Nanay Miriam conducted April 28, 2021.